Shaheen Pervez Khan, S Shahjahan.
Role of different etiological factors in renal calculus disease.
Pak J Med Res Jan ;39(4):146-50.

This study was carried out to investigate the various etiological factors in renal calculus disease. A total of 60 patients of renal calculus disease and 30 matched healthy controls were studied. Nephrolithiasis was more prevalent in males with the male to females ratio was 1.6:1. The overall mean serum level of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium and potassium were not significantly different except BUN and creatinine, which were significantly increased in patients, indicating some impairment of renal function. The urinary, specific gravity, volume, sodium, urea, calcium, uric acid, protein, oxalate and ionic product of calcium oxalate of calculus former significantly varied as compared to controls. Hypercalciuria was found in 19(31.7%) patients as compared to 4(13.3%) controls. The overall calcium and oxalate excretion was 266 ± 23.26 mg/24 hrs and 51.26 ± 4.35. The chemical analysis of renal calculi showed that 70% patients had pure calcium oxalate, while others are mixed. The incidence of calcium oxalate crystalluria was highest. It is concluded that low urinary pH, volume, reduced inorganic phosphorus and low sodium excretion and calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion, higher specific gravity, ionic product of calcium oxalate are the biochemical risk factors of upper tract urolithiasis. It is recommended that prophylactic measures should be adopted to minimise the risk of stone formation and recurrence.

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