Muhammad Riaz Ahmad, Muhammad Khalid Pervaiz.
Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder cancer: a meta analysis.
Pak J Med Res Jan ;50(2):88-92.

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor that generates the urinary bladder cancer in about 50 to 65% males and 20 to 30% females. Cigarette and cigar smoking are significantly associated determinants for developing urinary bladder cancer. The convincing evidence was the cigarette smoking status, frequency and duration which substantially increased the risk of bladder cancer. Cigarette smoking and heavy pipe smoking significantly increase the risk in both males and females.

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