Nadeem Ishaq, Nadeem Qureshi.
Angiographic patterns of various retinal medical diseases in Pakistan.
Al-Shifa J Ophthalmol Jan ;8(2):64-8.

Objective: To study the angiographic pattern of various retinal medical diseases in Pakistan. Study Design: A hospital based observational study conducted on 13,941 patients presenting at Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi from 1991 to 2011. Subjects and Methods: A complete history of patients was taken after which patients were evaluated thoroughly by carrying out refraction and slit lamp examination followed by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Olympus camera was used for fundus photography and angiography. Color fundus photographs were taken using 400 ASA or 100 ASA kodachrome films. For fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) 5ml of 10% sodium fluorescein was injected in superficial vein of hand or forearm and recording of angiography was done using 400 ASA Agfapan films. Colored fundus angiography was also done in some patients. Results: We found that diabetic retinopathy was the most common problem in 4265(30.59%) patients followed by venous occlusion in 3415(24.49 %) patients. Age related macular degeneration was diagnosed in 2724 (19.54 %) patients. Acquired maculopathies were found in 2107 (15.12 %) and central serous retinopathy in 1659 (11.90 %) patients while 352 (2.53 %) patients had cystoid maclar edema. 544 (3.9 % ) patients were diagnosed with hereditary disorders . This analysis gives us a general review of the retinal diseases in our population. Conclusion: The angiographic pattern of various retinal medical disorders in our population is quite different from many western countries. Retinal vascular disorders are the most common indication of FFA in our setup.

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