Shabbir Ahmed, Azher Abbas Shah, Nosheen Iftikhar, Rabia Nizam, Nazir Malik.
Frequency of Factors Associated with Haematuria in Children in Age Group of 1-14 Years.
Pak Paed J Jan ;39(2):80-4.

Haematuria is a commonly encountered manifestation in pedriatric clinical practice and is defined as more than 5 red blood cells per high power field in the sediment from 10 ml of centrifuged freshly voided urine. The prevalence of haematuria in the general population is in the range of 1% to 13% and its etiology is diverse. Depending on the population under investigation, asymptomatic microscopic haematuria is reported in up to 21% of the subjects. Objective: To identify the distribution and frequency of factors in children presenting with haematuria in age group of 1 to 14 years. Study Design: It was cross-sectional study conducted by convenient non-probability sampling. Subjects and Method: A total of 75 children with haematuria, aged 1 to 14 years were included and studied over a span of six months. Urine sample of each patient was analyzed for microscopic examination, following a positive dipstick test. Then further investigations were performed according to history, examination and urine analysis reports to determine the specific factors associated with haematuria. Results: This study included 75 children with haematuria between 1 to 14 years of age. Out of 75 patients, most common factors found to be associated with haematuria in age group, 1 to 5 years (40%) were urinary tract infection (UTI) in 17 (22.6%) and vesico-ureteric reflux in 6 (8%) patients. In age group of 6 to 10 years (30.66%), acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in 27 (36%), renal stones in 8 (10.66%), chronic renal failure in 4 (5.33%), hemolytic uremic syndrome in 2 (2.66%) and alport syndrome in 1(1.33%) patients were the common factors. In age group of 11 to 14 years (29.33%), systemic lupus erethymatosus in 4 (5.33%), henoch schonelien purpura (HSP) in 3 (4%) and atypical nephrotic syndrome in 3 (4%) patients were common factors. Conclusion: The distribution of factors associated with hematuria was consistent with previous studies. All the factors detected in this study might provide early hints of chronic kidney disease, and most important of all, are closely related to the prognostic significance of haematuria.

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