Naeem Aslam, Anila Kamal.
Gender difference in distress responses, rumination patterns, perceived social support and posttraumatic growth among flood affected individuals.
J Pak Psych Soc Jan ;10(2):86-90.

Objectives: The present study investigated the difference of distress responses, rumination patterns, perceived social support and posttraumatic growth among population exposed to floods in Pakistan began on July 27th, 2010. Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of study: Individuals who experienced flood 2010 in District Shadadkot, Sindh. Data was collected during April 2012 to September 2012. Subjects and Methods: Sample comprised of 101 individuals. Age ranged from 15 to 50 years (M = 27.73, SD = 7.19), with participation of both, male and female gender (n=36 and 65) respectively. Urdu translated versions of Impact of Event Scale (IES); Depression, Anxiety, stress scale (DASS); Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI); Perceived social support scale; and posttraumatic growth inventory (PTGI) were used to measure PTSD, psychological distress, rumination patterns, perceived social support and posttraumatic growth (PTG) respectively. Results: Results showed that the PTSD, psychological distress, intrusive and deliberate rumination is higher among female participants as compare to males. Small sample size, cross-sectional nature of the study and a mere reliance on respondents’ retrospective account of their responses thwarts the generalizibility of the findings. Conclusion: Three years after the flood, survivors still experience the bothersome symptoms of PTSD. Psychological distress, rumination and perceived social support is higher among female participants. Specialized psychological services are needed for the females flood affectees.wheras, rumination patterns should be considered while devising the intervention plans.

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