Asia Mushtaq, Pervaiz N Tariq, Fazaila Sabih.
Prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in School Children.
J Pak Psych Soc Jan ;12(2):22-5.

Objective: To examine the estimates of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in 4th and 5th grade school children with reference to gender and family correlates. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in four public sector schools of Rawalpindi city from January to December 2012. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects & Methods: The study included 223 students (119 boys and 104 girls) from 4th and 5th grades. Data were collected from their parents and teachers through Demographic Information Sheet and Assessment of Disruptive Symptoms DSM-IV (ADS-IV). SPSS 18 was used for data analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of ODD was 5.8% in the total sample and was relatively higher for boys (7.6%) than girls (3.8%). Symptoms more frequently presented by boys were arguing with adults, deliberately annoying people, losing temper, and blaming others. Parental education and family monthly income were inversely related to ODD symptoms in children. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the need to take into account the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of ODD for school children. The variables like gender, parental education and socioeconomic status are important factors to be considered in planning preventive strategies and treatment programs.

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