Muhammad Yasser Nisar, Taseer Salah-ud Din.
Domestic Violence: Evidence from Ophthalmology.
Pak J Ophthalmol Jan ;34(4):253-8.

Purpose: To find the frequency and causes of domestic violence at THQ Hospital Ahmedpur. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: At Tehsil Headquarter Hospital, Ahmedpur from May 2018 till July 2018. Material and Methods: During this study observation of physical trauma on the face especially related to eye, orbit and adnexa were used as inclusion criteria. Wound due to road traffic accidents and wounds older than two weeks were not included. Results: There were 156 female patients identified as battered females out of 4368 total female patients checked during three months period. Out of these 156 female patients 39 reported to have faced violence while rest of 117 cases were of suspected domestic violence where abuse was not admitted nor was abuser identified The patients ranged from 14 to 88 years old females. The abusers were mostly husbands, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brothers-in-laws, sister-in-laws and own sons. Wounds included lacerations, hyphemas, swollen eyes and serious injuries like ruptured globes, retinal hemorrhages, subarachnoid or intra-cerebral bleeding, subdural hematoma and orbital bone fractures. Out of these 156 cases 23 of serious injuries were referred to Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, rest were treated and recommended for follow-ups. Financial stress, lack of male heir, infertility, and local social customs of bride purchase and exchange marriages were some of the common causes of reported domestic violence cases. Conclusion: Females in almost all ages face domestic violence in Ahmedpur East but with advancing age the percentage of violence dropped.

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