Abbas Ali, Ayaz Khan.
Association of Consanguinity, Ethnicity and Addiction with Clubfoot in Pakistan.
Ophthalmol Update Jan ;14(3):77-80.

Objective: To determine the association of clubfoot with consanguinity, ethnicity, lunar eclipse and addictions. Methods: This observational descriptive case series study was conducted from July 2013 to December 2013. All 200 idiopathic clubfoot patients, who reported at Clubfoot Clinic (CFC) were included in the study. A designed questionnaire was used for asking questions from parents on telephone and during their visit to CFC. Results: Eighty-five (42.5%) patients were born from consanguineous marriage and 115 (57.5%)from non- consanguineous marriage. (p<0.001) 10 out of 115 consanguineous marriage were non-Muslim, who do not marry cousins (p<0.001) Two mothers had a history of smoking during pregnancy, 16 had a habit of chewing Paan (beetle nut and tobacco). None of the mothers had exposure to lunar /solar eclipse. Conclusion: The Club Foot has a strong association with consanguine marriages, with heterogenic geographical distribution and family history and no association to exposure with lunar eclipse. Association with addiction (cigarette smoking tobacco chewing and paan), could not be identified due to insufficient data.

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