Muhammad Rehanul Haq, Muhammad Faheem, Muhammad Habeel Dar, Abdul Hadi, Ikram Ullah.
Frequency of hyponatremia, hypokalemia and renal dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure.
Pak Heart J Jan ;51(2):139-44.

Objective: To determine the frequency of hypokalemia, hyponatremia and renal dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study including patients admitted with heart failure in Department of Cardiology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. The duration of the study was eight months from January to September 2014. Sample was non-probability consecutive sampling. Diagnosis of heart failure was made on clinical examination and echocardiography. Blood sample were collected from all admitted patients for serum electrolytes and serum creatinine and results were recorded on pre-specified study proforma. Data was stored and analyzed via SPSS version 16. Results: A total of 264 patients of chronic heart failure were admitted to the hospital. There were 147 (55.68%) females. Male to female ratio was 1:0.80. Mean age of the patients was 52.25+-12.55 years with range of 26-73 years.Heart failure was more prevelant in age range of 46-60 years. Hypokalemia in chronic heart failure was observed in 65(24.6%), hyponatremia in 75(28.4%)and renal dysfunction was observed in 71(26.9%) of heart failure patients. Hypokalemia was present in 30.8%, hyponatremia in 37.2% and renal dysfunction in 24.4% of patients with 60 years of age. Gender wise distribution of hypokalemia, hyponatremia and renal dysfunction showed no association. Conclusion: Hypokalemia, hyponatremia and renal dysfunction were documented in a high number of patients with chronic heart failure associated with increased mortality.

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