Faheem Mahmood, Muhammad Fahimul Haq, Asif Aziz Lodhi, Mudusar Ali, Shama Akram, Umber Nisar, Arslan Saleem, Abdul Majeed Cheema.
The Hormonal Levels of Estrogen in Second and Third Trimesters of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus patients with or Without Family History.
Pak J Med Health Sci Jan ;12(1):581-5.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a severity of varying degrees of glucose intolerance which is first recognized during pregnancy. Generally it has few symptoms and it is most commonly diagnosed in pregnancy by screening. In pregnancy due to Insulin resistance both fetal and maternal complications occurs. In physiological adaptations of pregnancy the level of numerous hormones generally are increased. In the present study the responses of the pertinent hormone of the pregnancy , estrogen have been investigated in gestational diabetes and non-GDM subjects specially in context of positive and negative family history in second and third trimester. The present cross sectional 2 stage study with non-probability convenient sampling was done in Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital, Lahore and Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore. One hundred and ten females from rural and urban areas of Lahore were the study population, out of which 55 had GDM and 55 were controls/non-GDM. After taking Their consent, general data of the pregnancy and blood samples were taken. The hormones were estimated by ELISA with specific monoclonal antibodies. The results were analyzed in relation to GDM, non- GDM, positive family history in second and third trimester. In second trimester estrogen were found increased several times in GDM than non GDM subjects. These increases were varied to 8 times and 11 times in positive and negative family history subjects respectively and compared to non GDM respective control subjects. In third trimester also the response of estrogen was numerous times increases in GDM than non-GDM. The pattern of this increase was varied in positive and negative family history subjects. The analysis of results of the estrogen within GDM and non-GDM category and between the semesters has shown some noticeable and statistically noticeable results. The significantly varied responses of estrogen in different family history of the subjects and in different trimester clearly demonstrate that it is one of the cause of induction of insulin resistance in GDM.

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