Kishore Kumar, Jais Kumar Karmani, Naveed Sarwar, Naveed Arshad.
Comparison of severity of retinopathy in diabetic versus non diabetic chronic kidney disease patients.
Rawal Med J Jan ;46(2):282-5.

Objective: To determine the correlation between presence of severity of retinopathy and various stages of chronic kidney disease in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methodology: This comparative cross sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018 at the Departments of Nephrology and Ophthalmology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. A total of 86 patients were included in the study, consecutively with CKD (chronic kidney disease) stage 3-5 with diabetic or non-diabetic and divided into two groups. Results: Mean age of patients was 37.35+-4.23 years and mean duration of diabetes was 11.58+2.81 years. In group-A, 40 and group-B, 14 patients had retinopathy. A total of 38 (44.2%) patients had diabetic retinopathy and 16 (18.6%) had hypertensive changes. In both groups, those with retinal changes had considerable decline in e-GFR. In group A, 13 (30.2%) and group B, 15 (34.9%) had e-GFR of 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m3, respectively. Five (11.6%) patients in group-A and eight (18.6%) in group B had e-GFR 30+-44 mL/min/1.73 m3. Conclusion: Retinal changes can occur prior to the progression of CKD and it can be an independent major morbidity factor in both diabetic and non-diabetic CKD patients. Diabetes is an additional factor along with CKD because of its pathological effects on micro vasculature of the body.

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