Imran Saeed Ali, Rizwana Shahid, Tahir Naveed, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Salman Akhtar, Naima Shahzadi Qazi.
Gender and outcome based comparison of Comorbidities among Decompensated heart failure patients visiting Cardiology Department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi.
Pak J Med Res Jan ;61(3):107-12.

Objective: To determine the gender and outcome based differences of comorbidities among the decompensated heart failure patients. Study type, settings & duration: A comparative analytical study was conducted at Cardiology department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi both through Out Patient Department (OPD) and Hospital Emergency from February 2018 to March 2020.   Methodology: The study was carried out among 252 decompensated heart failure patients. The subjects were enrolled in this research through consecutive sampling. The data was gathered pertinent to socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidities and health outcomes by means of self-administered structured questionnaire. The data analysis was done by using SPSS version 25.0. Gender and outcome based comparison of comorbidities was carried out by application of chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact test. Association between comorbidities and health outcome was verified by Fisher’s Exact test. Chi-square test was applied to confirm association between comorbidity and family history. Statistical association of smoking with comorbidity was determined by Fisher’s Exact test. The p ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Of the total 252 heart failure patients, 147 were males and 105 were females. Mean age of our study subjects was 56.34±15.9 years. Majority (48.4%) of our heart failure patients were 51-70 years old. Gender based variations in all comorbid states were found to be statistically insignificant. About 207 patients had diverse comorbidities and among them, 74 (35.7%) had 3 or more comorbid states. Ischemic heart disease was reported among 103(49.7%) patients. Diabetes among heart failure patients was determined to have statistically significant association .........

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