Farhana Muzaffar.
Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in Pakistani children.
J Pak Assoc Derma Jan ;14(3):110-3.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease of autoimmune etiology. Cutaneous changes are seen in more than two -third of patients. Objectives: The present study was planned to evaluate cutaneous manifes tations of SLE in children. Patients and methods: Fifteen cases of SLE were collected from the Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Children Hospital, Lahore. The diagnosis was based on American Rheumatism Association criteria. Cutaneous changes were recorded on a predevised pro forma. Results: Age of onset was 5-13 years in 14 (93.3%) children. One case of neonatal LE was seen. There were 8 (53.3%) females and 7 (46.7%) males. Malar rash was present in 10 (66.6%), photosensitivity in 8 (53.3%), diffuse hair loss in 6 (40%), hyperpigmentation in 5 (33.3%), vascular lesions in 5 (33.3%), mucosal lesions in 3 (20%), nail changes in 2 (13.3%), bullous lesions in 1 (6.7%), livedo reticularis in 1 (6.7%), and rheumatoid nodules in 1 (6.7%). The single case of NLE had generalized scaly lesions. Conclusion: Cutaneous changes in children are different from those seen in adults. Female preponderance was not seen in children. Photosensitivity and vascular lesions were less frequent while the discoid rash was rare. Peripheral gangrene, chilblain and Raynaud`s phenomenon were not seen. Neonatal LE was a rare entity.

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