Shaheen Pervez Khan, S Shahjahan, Jahangir A Khan.
The Chemical Analysis of Upper Urinary Tract Calculus in Lahore.
J Ayub Med Coll Abottabad Jan ;11(2):29-31.

Sixty renal calculi obtained from various Government Hospitals of Lahore, were analysed by semiquantitative chemical methods. Of the 60 calculi, 50 (83.3%) were of renal origin, while 9 (l5%) were combined; renal and ureteric, and only 1 (1.7%) was ureteric calculus. Majority of calculi (45, 75%) were spherical in shape with rough or smooth surface. Fifty five calculi (91.7%) had weight more than 1 gram and 19 (32.7%) calculi weighed more than 10 grams. Chemical analysis of renal calculi showed that 42 (70%) calculi were pure calcium oxalate, 15 (25.1%) showed mixed types, while 2 (3.3%) were pure uric acid calculi, and one (1.7%) was calcium phosphate calculus.

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