Rafay Iqbal, Pepi Granat.
Menopause and hormone replacement therapy.
Med Today Jan ;1(1):12-8.

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity. Women may spend up to one third of their lifetime after menopause. Postmenopausal oestrogen deficiency may result in certain adverse consequences. Different therapeutic regimens for hormone replacement are available which should be tailored according to individual needs. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is not without its complications and requires regular monitoring. Alternatives to HRT may also be considered for symptoms and long-term risks associated with menopause. HRT has shown consistent benefits for alleviation of postmenopausal symptoms, reduction of vaginal atrophy and osteoporotic fractures. Observational studies had reported a significant benefit in terms of reduced incidence of cardiovascular risks. Recent randomized controlled trials have called this into question. The decision to start HRT should be made after assessing the benefits and risks for the individual and should include her personal preferences.

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